Is text as art really a twentieth-century concept? Sure, Braque and Picasso turned heads by using news clippings in collages in the early 1900s. And contemporary artists like Ed Rausch, Jennie Holzer, Lawrence Weiner, and Lorna Simpson use words to express themselves visually.
But letters, numbers, and words have been featured in Japanese scrolls, European illuminated manuscripts, and other artworks for hundreds of years. How are these works different than contemporary examples? Are they different?

now the text is it - not part of an elaborate manuscript. an in-you-face word. that’s it. art.